Testing the measurability of steel sections with terrestrial laser scanners
Abstract
When assessing the health of steel structures, capturing, and modelling the geometry is especially important. Point cloud-based technologies have special requirements; previous studies revealed certain challenges that are to be resolved. In this paper, we aimed to develop a method to investigate the effects that the surface reflectance, incidence angle, and distance have on the quality of the point cloud of steel sections. A controlled environment was established for the research, where three terrestrial laser scanners were used to measure four different steel specimens. For validation, we also made reference measurements with a structured light scanner. Due to a large amount of data, a workflow with own routines has been developed for processing the prepared measurement datasets. For standard steel sections, the comparative study clearly showed a significant influence of the section shape, resulting in occlusion and unfavorable incidence angles. Of the devices tested, the one de-signed for high-precision measurements showed the intensity highlighting phenomenon for highly reflective surfaces, however, the measurements demonstrate that with careful selection of measurement conditions and a few pre-processing steps, the technology is well suited for the assessment of steel structures.
Downloads
References
Amir Y, Thörnberg B (2017). High precision laser scanning of metallic surfaces. International Journal of Optics 4134205. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4134205
Berényi A, Lovas T, Barsi Á (2010). Terrestrial laser scanning - civil engineering applications. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 38:80-85. https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVIII/part5/papers/61.pdf
Boesemann W, Godding R, Huette H (2000). Photogrammetric measurement techniques for quality control in sheet metal forming. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 33(5). https://isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIII/congress/part5/291_XXXIII-part5.pdf
Breuckmann (2011). smartSCAN 3D-HE Data Sheet. Retrieved from 3dtoday: https://3dtoday.ru/upload/iblock/7ac/36_Data_sheet_smartSCAN_HE_1.4_06_2011.pdf
Burdziakowski P, Zakrzewska A (2021). A new adaptive method for the extraction of steel design structures from an integrated point cloud. Sensors 21(10):3416. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103416
Cabaleiro M, Riveiro B, Arias P, Caamaño J, Vilán J (2014). Automatic 3D modelling of metal frame connections from LiDAR data for structural engineering purposes. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 96:47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.07.006
Fan L, Smethurst JA, Atkinson PM, Powrie W (2015). Error in target-based georeferencing and registration in terrestrial laser scanning. Computers & Geosciences 83:54-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2015.06.021
Gross H, Jutzi B, Thoennessen U (2008). Intensity normalization by incidence angle and range of full-waveform lidar data. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 37:405-412.
Guarnieri A, Fissore F, Masiero A, Vettore A (2017). From TLS survey to 3D solid modeling for documentation of built heritage: The case study of Porta Savonarola in Padua. The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 42:303-308. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-303-2017
Julin A, Kurkela M, Rantanen T, Virtanen J-P, Maksimainen M, Kukko A, Kaartinen H, Vaaja MT, Hyyppä J, Hyyppä H (2020). Evaluating the quality of TLS point cloud colorization. Remote Sensing 12(17):2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172748
Kaasalainen S, Ahokas E, Hyyppa J, Suomalainen J (2005). Study of surface brightness from backscattered laser intensity: Calibration of laser data. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 2(3):255-259. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2005.850534
Kersten T, Mechelke K, Lindstaedt M, Sternberg H (2008). Geometric accuracy investigations of the latest terrestrial laser scanning systems. FIG Working Week, Stockholm, Sweden: Integrating Generations pp 14-19.
Leica Geosystems (2011). HDS7000 Laser Scanner. Retrieved 2020 October 10 from http://w3.leica-geosystems.com/downloads123/hds/hds/HDS7000/brochures-datasheet/HDS7000_DAT_en.pdf
Leica Geosystems (2022). Leica RTC360 3D Reality Capture Solution. Retrieved 2022 March 17 from https://leica-geosystems.com/-/media/files/leicageosystems/products/datasheets/leica-rtc360-ds.ashx
Mathworks (2015). Mathworks Help Center. (Mathworks) Retrieved 2020 November 10 from https://www.mathworks.com/help/vision/ref/pcfitplane.html
Oniga VE, Breaban AI, Alexe EI, Văsii C (2021). Indoor mapping of a complex cultural heritage scene using TLS and HMLS laser scanning. The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 43:605-612. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-605-2021
Quattrini R, Malinverni E, Clini P, Nespeca R, Orlietti E (2015). From TLS to HBIM: high quality semantically-aware 3D modeling of complex architecture. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 5:367-374. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-5-W4-367-2015
Roca-Pardiñas J, Argüelles-Fraga R, de Asís López F, Ordóñez C (2014). Analysis of the influence of range and angle of incidence of terrestrial laser scanning measurements on tunnel inspection. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 43:133-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.04.011
Sánchez-Aparicio LJ, Del Pozo S, Ramos L, Arce A, Fernandes FM (2018). Heritage site preservation with combined radiometric and geometric analysis of TLS data. Automation in Construction 85:24-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.09.023
Somogyi Á, Lovas T (2017). BIM modellezés lézerszkennelés támogatásával [Supporting BIM by Terrestrial Laser Scanning]. Geodézia és Kartográfia 2(68):10-14.
Soudarissanane S, Lindenbergh R, Menenti M, Teunissen PJG (2009). Incidence angle influence on the quality of terrestrial laser scanning points. In: Bretar F, Pierrot-Deseilligny M, Vosselman G (Eds). Proceedings ISPRS Workshop Laserscanning 2009, 1-2 September 2009, Paris, France 38:183-188.
Soudarissanane S, Van Ree J, Bucksch A, Lindenbergh, R (2007). Error budget of terrestrial laser scanning: Influence of the incidence angle on the scan quality. In: Proceedings of the 3D-NordOst, Berlin, Germany, 7 December 2007 pp 1-8.
Suchocki C (2020). Comparison of time-of-flight and phase-shift TLS intensity data for the diagnostics measurements of buildings. Materials 13(2):353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020353
Surphaser Software Basis (2017). Surphaser 3D Laser Scanners - Surphaser 400. Retrieved 2020 October 10 from http://www.surphaser.com/pdf/Surphaser%20400.pdf
Tan K, Zhang W, Shen F, Cheng X (2018). Investigation of TLS intensity data and distance measurement errors from target specular reflections. Remote Sensing 10(7):1077. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071077
Voegtle T, Schwab I, Landes T (2008). Influences of different materials on the measurements of a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). Proceedings of the XXI Congress, The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 37:1061-1066.
Voegtle T, Wakaluk S (2009). Effects on the measurements of the terrestrial laser scanner HDS 6000 (Leica) caused by different object materials. In: Bretar F, Pierrot-Deseilligny M, Vosselman G (Eds). Laser scanning 2009, IAPRS Proceedings of ISPRS, Paris, France, September 1-2, 38:68-74.

Copyright (c) 2022 Arpad SOMOGYI, Akos SZABO-LEONE, Tamás LOVAS (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Distribution - Permissions - Copyright
Papers published in Nova Geodesia are Open-Access, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
© Articles by the authors; licensee SMTCT, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright/to retain publishing rights without restriction.
License:
Open Access Journal - the journal offers free, immediate, and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed research and scholarly work, due to SMTCT supports to increase the visibility, accessibility and reputation of the researchers, regardless of geography and their budgets. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.